How it Relates to Greek Religion and Culture Essay

Antiquated Greeks had confidence in a progression of legends, which clarified nature, set the ethical code for the Greek individuals, and some were simply engaging stories. These legends diverted the Greek world from a universe of dread into a universe of wondrous excellence. A large number of these divine beings and goddesses were related with a specific errand or action (Buxton). The Greek individuals accepted that the divine beings were joined into each part of their lives. The Ancient Greeks, being a polytheistic culture, made numerous lavish legends with respect to 12 divine beings and goddesses that they accepted to administer all parts of their lives. These legends were an early science. They were the aftereffect of the Greeks attempting to clarify their general surroundings. The Greek individuals made their divine beings in their own picture, normally making paradise an agreeable and natural spot (Hamilton). In Greek folklore the Gods didn't make the universe, yet rather, the universe made the divine beings. The folklore of the individuals of Greece starts with Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is in these epic sonnets that Homer recounts to the tales of the numerous divine beings and hero’s of Greece. We presently know who and what the Greek divine beings were, however how are they pertinent to the Greek Religion? Know that the Greeks didn't have a word for religion. Likewise they didn't have any composed content or sacred text. At the point when we talk about Greek religion we mean their ceremonial practices and their convictions in sacrosanct things, creatures, and spots (Cline). We likewise should recollect that Greek folklore isn't equivalent to Greek religion, however they are firmly entwined. The main necessity of the Greeks for their religion was to have confidence in the divine beings and perform penances to them. These hallowed demonstrations, penance and celebrations, were the base of the Greek religion (Buxton). This is by all accounts a somewhat loosening up approach to carry on throughout everyday life, except not really. The Greeks ascribed anything great happening to the divine beings being content with them, likewise when something awful occurred, for instance, a seismic tremor, starvation, or the departure of a fight, it was credited to the divine beings being disappointed with the Greeks (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The Ancient Greeks were a very strict individuals, who spent their lives attempting to satisfy the divine beings through their penance, celebrations, and relentless faith in them. Penance was one of the most significant approaches to satisfy the divine beings; they were thought to be blessings to the divine beings. The individuals of Greece would give a penance of creatures, yet additionally bloodless penances, for example, nourishment, grasses, grains, and incense (Christman). Every city had a sanctuary raised to their benefactor god. In Athens they had fabricated the Acropolis, with its principle sanctuary being the Parthenon, which was committed to Athena (which whom Athens was named after). Athena was Zeus’s little girl, and it is said in the fantasies that she was conceived from his head. Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the safeguard of the towns. She is normally appeared in workmanship wearing full reinforcement. Additionally connected with her is Nike the image of triumph (Hamilton). These sanctuaries were not for love, yet they were accepted to house the divine beings for which the sanctuary was manufactured. The main individuals who were permitted inside were the clerics and priestesses, and that was uniquely to keep it clean and deal with the god’s sculpture (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The focal point of the sanctuary was no lone the god or goddess however the conciliatory change. Every sanctuary had a change outside for the admirers to put their contributions. The penances the Greeks made to their divine beings were their method for guaranteeing that they would be permitted to lead a typical glad life. The Greeks likewise participated in strict celebrations and for additional consolation of their satisfying the divine beings went to prophets. We realize that the Greek individuals partook in numerous strict celebrations, yet the subtleties of these celebrations are obscure. The principle celebration that the Greeks participated in was the Olympic games, to pay tribute to Zeus. Zeus was the most impressive of the considerable number of divine beings, his capacity alone was more prominent than the entirety of different divine beings consolidated. He was the God of the Sky, bearing his jolt, at which he would toss to earth striking anyplace he wished. His flaws, in any case, engage the possibility that he is a man. Zeus is depicted as becoming hopelessly enamored with numerous ladies and attempting to conceal his betrayal from his significant other Hera (Hamilton). The Olympic game celebration happened each fourth summer. All through Greece a détente was declared with the goal that every single Greek resident could come and take part (â€Å"Greek Religion†). The special case to this was ladies, they not exclusively couldn't take an interest, however they couldn't watch (Buxton). The Olympic games were held at the Stadium of Olympia, and the headliner was, where the members contended in five distinct occasions. This field was additionally the absolute first landmark of Greek Classical workmanship (Kleiner). Another piece of the Greek religion was the prophets. The most renowned prophet was the Oracle of Delphi. The prophets were accepted to be the delegates of the divine beings. Be that as it may, no ordinary individual could comprehend their messages, just the ministers and priestesses could. The Greeks accepted that the divine beings talked in questions, on the grounds that the divine beings were more perplexing than the people, thus the couldn't answer as the people did (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The celebrations and the prophets were a significant piece of the Greek life. The Greek divine beings even found a spot in the regular day to day existence of a Greek resident. Hestia, Zeus’s sister. She has no influence in the legends however was imperative to the Greeks. She was the Goddess of the Hearth. Each home in Greece had a hearth devoted to her where the fire was not permitted out go out, alongside every city (Hunt). At the point when another town was established the individuals would light a light from the mother town and convey its fire to the hearth in the new town. Sound recognizable; this is the proposed start of the Olympic light. Likewise, when a kid was brought into the world the family needed to walk the infant around the hearth before it was to be acknowledged into the family (Hamilton). Likewise, as per Hunt, young men were prepared to have solid bodies, not exclusively to battle in the armed forces, yet to be solid rivals in the Olympic games. Young men and young ladies were instructed from early ages about the divine beings and goddesses. They were instructed how to regard and please them in their day by day lives (â€Å"The Ancient Greeks†). Additionally most Greeks made a type of penance to the divine beings every day. This was to attempt to keep the divine beings cheerful and carry favorable luck to themselves. There were various ways that the individuals of Greece attempted to keep the idea of their divine beings present in their every day lives. Religion encroached on the fighting of the city-states in various manners. The administrators every now and again considered themselves to be strolling in the strides of their divine beings and courageous forerunners (Buxton). No where in the Greek city-states did they go into fight without first yielding. To do this was unfathomable. The troopers of Greece for the most part relinquished to either Ares or Athena. Ares was the God of War, yet isn’t referenced much in the legends. He has no unmistakable ascribes and is hard to recognize in craftsmanship. Hamilton says this is likely on the grounds that the Greeks thought of him as â€Å"hateful†. Once more, Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the safeguard of the towns. In any case, at that point on the far edge was the regarding of Aphrodite, who was the Goddess of Love and Beauty, yet additionally venerated for delight and multiplication. Ladies of the towns and city-states would respect and penance to Aphrodite, to guarantee the protected conveyance of an infant, or to be satisfying to their future spouses (Atsma). I Greece all relationships were orchestrated to keep or raise a family’s economic wellbeing, such huge numbers of ladies didn't ever meet their spouses to-be until the big day. Whatever men or ladies did in their day by day exercises was applicable to the impact of the divine beings. The Greek folklore assumed a significant job in the consistently lives of the Greek individuals, and considerably progressively significant one in the improvement of their religion. Greek folklore was a route for the individuals of Greece to clarify the â€Å"why’s† and â€Å"how’s† of their reality. Their religion and their folklore were firmly entwined. This was appeared through their different methods for regarding their divine beings through celebrations, penance, and utilizing the prophets. Additionally through the death of the convictions starting with one age then onto the next. The significance of the divine beings was appeared in their grand sanctuaries moreover. These Myths for the Greeks changed their reality from the obscure to kind and wonderful. Works Cited â€Å"Ancient Greece. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Atsma, Aaron J. â€Å"Theoi Greek Mythology: Exploring Mythology in Classical Literature and Art. † The Theoi Project. 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Buxton, Richard. Old Greece. Ed. Paul Cartledge. Joined Kingdom. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Christman, Zachary and Alfred Hanssen. â€Å"Greek Religion: Religion and Death. † 2002. College of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology. Sept. 14, 2008. . Cline, Austin. â€Å"Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art† Sept. 14, 2008. . â€Å"Greek Religion. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Reference book Britannica Online. Sept. 21, 2008. . Hamilton, Edith. Folklore. New York. Back Bay Books, 1942. Chase, Dr. Patricia. â€Å"Roles of Men, Women, and Children. † Richmond University. Sept. 16, 2008. . Kleiner, Fred and Christian Mamiya. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. twelfth ed. volume 1. California. Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2005. â€Å"The Ancient Greeks. † 2002. Sept. 16, 2008. . Wilkinson, Philip. Word reference of Mythology. New York. DK Publishing, 1998.

Kindred Character Analysis Alice Greenwood - Literature Essay Samples

Octavia E. Butler’s novel Kindred details the harrowing journey of 26-year-old Dana Franklin. A modern black woman from 1970s Los Angeles, Dana is continuously jerked back through time to the land of her ancestors: early 1800s Maryland. Her task? Save her white ancestor, Rufus Weylin, from death. The risk? If she does not, she may never be born. As an educated black woman in this time of slavery, she must watch everything she says and does just to survive, and she learns to rely upon the tight-knit slave community to help her through. One figure in particular, however, stands out to Dana as who she could have been, had she been born in this time period. That figure is Alice Greenwood, born free but forced into slavery through Rufus’s cruelty. Throughout this narrative, Alice’s example is a grim reminder of what people will do just to survive, and a caution to Dana to be wary of becoming complacent. Alice exhibits multiple qualities as the novel progresses, starti ng with strength, moving forward to resolve, and ultimately ending in despair as she is pushed past her breaking point. First, Alice does exhibit great strength throughout the narrative. The first encounter Dana has with Alice occurs when Alice is a small child. Alice and her mother are free black women, according to Rufus (28), but Alice’s father is a slave, who sneaks out at night to visit his family (35). Dana sees patrollers rip him out of the house and strip him and his wife naked before whipping him. Alice witnesses this occur, and does â€Å"weep noisily against her mother’s leg† (36), but when the patrollers are gone, she quietly goes to her mother’s side and does not show fear when Dana calls to her. To see such horrible experiences and still be able to trust others shows me that Alice has a great deal of inner strength, which she definitely requires being a black woman in a slave state. However, it may be easier for children to show strength as life has not yet broken them. As Alice grows older, her strength does threaten to break. She works through it the best way she can by showing resolve, defined as the determination to stick to a plan. Her life circumstances become miserable when she is stripped of her dignity and freedom to serve Rufus Weylin’s aggressive appetites. Although she often snaps at Dana, calling her a traitor and a mammy figure. and has mood swings, she is willing to do whatever it takes to survive. Dana often thinks to herself that she and Alice could have been the same person if Dana were born in a different time, and knows that it’s hard to criticize another person’s decisions when Alice was just doing what she had to do to stay alive. But one person can only take so much pain, and Alice’s resolve eventually gives way to despair and the loss of all her hope. Her miseries started strong by being born black in the antebellum South, and the loss of her freedom at Rufus Weylin’s demands also was a great shock to her (157). She also suffered much as Rufus’s mistress and being forced into his bed each night, as well as being abused by him physically at least once that Dana knows of. It isn’t until Rufus threatens her children that Alice breaks completely. Dana discovers on her last visit that Alice has hung herself (248). As Dana begins to investigate what led to this, she discovers that rufus pretended to sell Alice and his children, Joseph and Hagar, to get back at Alice for attempting to runaway (251). Alice’s loss of her children led to the breaking point, resulting in a tragic suicide. In a world where she had no rights under the law and virtually zero prospects for happiness other than the love of her children, losing them meant there was nothing left to live for. Dana realizes that this choice is not selfish, and the responsibility to live life can be overwhelming for those who have been pushed this far. Dana is grateful that her life took a different path. Alice is a strong woman full of resolve; however, even strong women can be pushed to despair. In a cruel world, Alice shines as a person of self-honesty and the willingness to protect her own life and her children’s lives. Her life and death serve as a strong reminder to the rest of us of the importance of kindness, independence, and the continuing need for social justice in our world.

William Shakespeare s Macbeth, The Dynamic Of The...

Ava Lonneman Ms. Hisey Language Arts 1 June, 2016 Title to Come Every person in the world has a relationship, whether it be family, significant others, or people outside of the private life. Relationships can be toxic, healthy, and some are an odd mixture of both, creating a strange power complex. In Shakespeare s Macbeth, the dynamic of the Macbeths relationship is an example of one of those strange mixed relationships. These dynamics can also be seen in real world couples, such as King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. All of human existence revolves around relationships, or the lack thereof. Relationships can make us stronger people, but similarly they can make us weaker. As individuals we bring different points of view, characteristics, and strengths to a relationship. Both men in the relationships being compared, Macbeth And King Louis XVI, were somewhat quiet and softspoken when it came to their wives opinions. However in the face of adversary outside of their relationships, they were bold leaders with strong opinions. Que en Marie Antoinette and Lady Macbeth were both high strung, resolute women. It often seemed as though they were the head of their relationships. The characteristics and relationship dynamics of Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI are comparable to that of the Macbeths. Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre (Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna) was born into the role of the Archduchess of Austria and married off to King Louis XVI of FranceShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights 1398 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth is the most famous woman character. She is stronger, more ambitious and ruthless than her husband. Lady Macbeth pushed her husband , Macbeth to betray and kill King Duncan of Scotland. 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Martha Stewards Insider Trading Case Study Example

Essays on Martha Steward's Insider Trading Case Study The paper â€Å"Martha Steward’s Insider Trading" is a  dramatic example of a case study on finance accounting. The financial world relies on the integrity of information to make numerous decisions. The participants in the stock market are not supposed to have asymmetric information. Asymmetric information occurs when one party has superior information compared to others (Investopedia, 2011). Since everyone is supposed to have equal access to information the Securities and Exchange Commission prohibits the practice of inside trading. An insider can be defined as a person who is restricted from some kinds of trading in a company’s stock because he has access to privileged information (Teweles Bradley Teweles, 1992, pg. 538). The action of inside trading violates the fiduciary duty of the board of directors and the executive management team to safeguard the interest of their shareholders. Insider trading gives an unfair advantage to a person in the stock market. Tha t person can distort the price of common stocks by either selling or buying massive amounts of a stock based on privileged knowledge that can help that person illegally obtain above-normal profits from the transaction.Martha Steward took advantage of a personal relationship with Sam Waksal, CEO of ImClone, to obtain privileged information concerning the rejection of FDA approval for its cancer drug Erbitux (Hoffman, 2007). She used that information to avoid losses in the market by selling all her ImClone stocks a day before the FDA rejected the drug. The stock price went down after the announcement. I believe that the shareholder's interests were jeopardized. The CEO of the company put the company at risk by revealing trade secrets to outsiders. Martha should have never received that information from Waksal. The firm has to question whether its CEO had incurred in similar unethical behaviors in the past to help him and his friends' profit in the market. The interests of the sharehol ders were jeopardized because its CEO violated the SEC mandates. He placed the company at risk of fines and civil lawsuits.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Martha Steward case affected a lot the investor community. The general public was discussed at the fact that a billionaire worth nearly $750 million dollars would have such low ethical standards to use insider information to further increase her fortune. The accounting profession was at a crossroads at the time of this scandal which occurred in December 2001. The following year the SEC and the US Congress passed new legislation called the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. SOX raised the accountability of corporate officers. Unscrupulous CEOs such as Sam Waksal after the passage of SOX are now liable for up to 20 years in prison if found guilty of fraud. Society learned how important it is to protect information from getting into the wrong hands. Inside trading is now viewed in a harsher manner by society. The business community after this cas e realized that corporations needed better internal controls to prevent leakages of information that can hurt the integrity of the stock market. I believe that another lesson that was learned from the Martha Steward case is that greed can poison anyone.

Business and Corporation Law Implied Terms

Question: Discuss about the Business and Corporation Law for Implied Terms. Answer: 1: According to thecase scenario, there is an agreement between Jane and Jack. Jane decides to sell her Lotus Super 7 sports car in $25000to Jack. Jane is going overseas, so he is facing some financial problem so he wants to sell the car to Jack. The agreement was made between Jane and Jack for personal purpose of Jane. An invitation of treat was given by Jane by describing the good condition of the car. Jack accepted the offer. There are four basic legal elements in a contract: offer, acceptance, consideration and invitation of treat (Burrows, et al. 2011). Any law becomes enforceable when the agreement is void and all the factors of the contract are present in the agreement. In this contract four elements are present; the agreement has taken place between Jack and Jane. Jane gave the offer and Jane accepted.As per IRAC methodthe cases are describes below. Issues The agreement took place between two parties but as per section 9 of contract act, it is very important to state the terms of a contract and in any offer, it is necessary to state the price which is not clear here. The offer is open ended and it can also be stated as implied terms because the offeror (Jane) did not mention the amount to the offeree (Jack) (Austen-Baker, 2011). Even it is unclear that whether the contract is oral or written or online.This is the main issue in the agreement. The market value of Lotus Super 7 sports car is $25000, which is mentioned here but the rate which Jane has made has not been mention but the offer is accepted by Jack without knowing the price, so invitation of treat has taken place here. In any offer, it is very important that advertisement should be given properly but as the good condition of the contract is not described properly, so problem arises here.The contract has taken place in unexpressed way. The amount description is unclear which the main problem is in this case. In this case, the market value of the Lotus Super 7 sports car is $25000. Jane has offered the product to Jack in the same rate of $25000. The product is in good condition but as Jane has used the product, so he has to sell the product in a second hand rate. As per article2 of Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) sellers obligation has taken place in this deal (Litowitz, et al. 2001). As per that law, sellers obligation takes place because, there is a rule in business law that if any second hand material is sold in market, then the rate of the product will be less than the market value of the product.Here, Jack has accepted the offer but Jane has not made valid rate of the product. This is the main issue here. Invitation of treat has formed but proper advertisement has not given by Jane, describing the condition of the sports car. So, obligation or problem arises in this case because Jane has not followed the Uniform Commercial Code here. In this case Jane has offered $2500 to sell the sports car. The product is in good condition and the market value of the product is $25000. The problem arises here because he had fixed a very less price of the sports car at $2500. In this type of agreement he runs loss. As per contract law, all the elements of the contract should be void and the agreement becomes enforceable when proper consideration is done and profit is received from both the side but here Jane is running loss and it is the main issue of the contract (Law Of Contract, et al. 2007) Rules As per section 9 of Contract act, the rules and terms in the contract should be expressed clearly in express term but in this case Jane has not expressed the value of the product and mode of the agreement properly. Invitation of treat has taken place but the consideration has not done properly in legal terms. In this case as pert section 7, breach of sales of goods act has taken place. Jack has accepted the offer but question may arise on expressive term. As per consumer rights act the buyer can ask about the offer clearly. In the second case, breach of Uniform Commercial Code of article 2 has taken place. The seller cannot keep same price of any second hand product similar with the current value of the product. So, obligation takes place here because of inappropriate use of sales of goodhas taken place here. In the thirdcase, the seller himself is running loss because he doesnt know the method of Sales of goods act and market value evaluation. As per contract law, binding of contract act takes place because rules of property act 1925 of section 52 and 54 has not been followed. The section 12 and 15 of Sales of goods act has been breached in this contract (Keenan, et al. 2007). Application The issues can be solved if the rules of contract law of section 9 are followed and the section 7 of sales goods act is not breached (McLean, et al. 2009)Jane has to state the terms and value of the product clearly in express term while making a valid agreement with Jack. Invitation of treat has took place because Jack accepts the offer and the contract is enforceable but consideration did not took place properly becausethe value and the way of agreement has not been described here properly. In this case if commercial codes rules and sales of goods act is followed properly and the rules of contract act are followed and before fixing the price the seller Jane should study about the market value of the product then problem does not arise in this case. Through the property act and the remedy of sales of goods act, the problem in this case can be solved. By following the rate of the market, the contract can be properly done and Jane should keep the price of the car, according to Property act 1925 where the rules are mentioned that how to fix the price of a second hand material or property (Federal and District of Columbia Government Real Property Act of 2005, 2005). Concusion There are various cases described in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd case scenario. Various rules of the contract law have not been used in the cases and the agreement is made. The breach of rules of contract law of UK has taken place in these cases. Remedies for the breach of the rules of the contract should be organized legally to solve the cases (Andrews, 2011). An offer, acceptance and consideration has taken place in this contract, all the rules are properly mentioned above and those are needed to applied the contract to make a valid agreement between both the parties, so that consideration takes place properly. 2: In the second case scenario, a contract has taken place between the ship builder and North Ocean Tankers. The contract is enforceable and void but as promisor is doing delay to fulfil the demand of the promisee, so obligation arises in this contract. The contract was made here following the rules of US (Andrews, 2011). Aster the contract formed, the ship builder started construction of building tanker after the agreement made with North Ocean Tankers. The conflict arises when the currency of US devalues 10%. Here, the ship builder starts running loss, so he decided to charge extra US$3 million for the work he is doing. The delivery was important so the promisor agreed but after the delivery of 9 months, they start delay to pay the money of the promisee. By seeing the above problem IRAC method is used for describing the cases problems and solving it. Issues A valid agreement took place between North Ocean Tankers but problem arises because the government of United States has devalues 10 of currency rate in US. This is the reason the economist are running loss and they are not able to pay their debt. In this case North Ocean Tankers become the victim of problem because they are not able to pay the extra money of the ship builder. The ship builder also runs loss because he made the tankers in a low price which is not sufficient for him. The contract took place but, it is not expressed clearly that, at which date the buyer has to pay the debt of the seller. The buyer promised to give the extra charge to the seller and because of his delay the seller can sue him to court for breaching the rules of the contract, as per Contract law (Andrews, 2011). Problem may arise in this scenario. Rules As per Federal arbitration act in US, the contract took place between two parties but in the contract, the previous rate was stated and the extra charge was not stated (Shimabukuro, 2002). Here, if the promisor (North Ocean Tankers) is not able to pay the debt of the promisee (Ship builder), then for violating the rules of the promise the seller can sue him to court and the English court will consider the behaviour as Unconscionability. Here, Breach of negotiation takes place in this case. Punitivedamageoccurred here, as per US law because;the promisee is the innocent party who is the victim of damage and the promisor is delaying in paying the money to the promisee. Negotiation takes place between the ship builder and the North Ocean Tankers and both were consent about the agreement, but the promisor or North Ocean Tankers breached the rules of the contract by delaying to pay the money of the promisee or the ship builder. So breach of terms in contract has taken place here, for which the plaintiff or promisee can sue thedefendant or promisor under English law for breach of federal rules of contract (Kennedy, 2010). North Ocean Tankers has done false statement that they will increase the money of the ship builder in time but they has breached the rules of the contract and done false promise. As per misinterpretation act 1967, the shipbuilder is misguided and on that perspective, the ship builder can ask recession and damage from the North Ocean Tankers for doing the false statement (Branch III, 2002). Application There are some relief or remedies of breach of contract which should be applied in this scenario. They are: Specific Performance Damages Restitution and Cancellation It is very important that legal and professional help is needed to be taken. Among all the remedies of breach,Reinstitution and cancellation takes place. In this case the reinstitution or the North Ocean Tankers company can be sued. Because dispute has taken place in the contract and no review has done. So for getting relieved from the obligation the company should take the help of government of US in taking loan from national bank to pay the debt of the Ship builder, so that the builder does not sue the company and claim for the damages. As the North Ocean Tankers in financial loss and cannot pay the debt of the ship builder, so through the help of law they can use the Bankruptcy act 1966. As per bankruptcy act, they can prove that they need some extra time to pay the debt. If the company proves that they are in bankrupt condition, then English court will give 6 months time to pay the debt of the promisee and the promisee has to wait for 6months for the money (Nichols, 2012). Obligation also takes place because the buyer has promised to pay the money to the seller in time. Conflict arises in this way and if the court is unable to solve the case then the court will name it innominate term where justification will take long time and answer of the judgment will take time. Conclusion As per case, the terms of the contract has been breached because the promisor delayed in paying the money of the promisee. The remedies has also been described above where different review and remedies are given through which the case can be solved. Mainly remedies of breach of contract and bankruptcy act can be applied in his case. References: Andrews, N. (2011). Contract law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Austen-Baker, Richard. Implied Terms In English Contract Law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2011. Print. Branch III, J. E. (2002). Statutory Misinterpretation: The Foreign Intelligence Court of Review's Interpretation of the Significant Purpose Requirement of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. Burrows, A. S. A Casebook On Contract. Oxford: Hart Pub., 2011. Print. Federal and District of Columbia Government Real Property Act of 2005.(2005). [Washington, D.C.]. Keenan, D. and Riches, S. (2007). Business law. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Kennedy, G. (2010). Negotiation. London: Profile. Law Of Contract. (2007) Implied Terms In Contracts For The Supply Of Goods. London: H.M.S.O., Print. Litowitz, Douglas E. Perspectives On The Uniform Commercial Code. Durham, N.C, (2001) Carolina Academic Press, Print. McLean, Janet. (2009) Property And The Constitution. Oxford: Hart, Print. Nichols, P. (2012). Bankruptcy Act 1966.Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Shimabukuro, J. (2002). The Federal Arbitration Act. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.

Teaching and Learning Techniques free essay sample

Teaching Environment I am currently teaching the BTEC Sport: Performance and Excellence (level 3) to eleven full time students. The course content is competency based and focuses predominately on the psychomotor domain. Topic: Balanced Diet Lesson Plan 3 (please see appendix 1) Theory: Blooms Taxonomy When investigating the possible theories that could be applicable to the course content that I am currently delivering it became apparent that there was a possible synergy between Bloom taxonomy of learning (cognitive domain) and Sports Nutrition unit, which has both theoretical and practical content. How does theory potentially impact on learner achievement? The cognitive domain (Bloom, 1956) involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. http://www. nwlink. com There are six major categories, starting with the lowest order process and progressing to the most complex. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching and Learning Techniques or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Production of a lesson plan incorporating all six stages will offer learners the opportunity of achieving distinction level in the BTEC unit. I introduced the theory into a lesson plan based on creating a balanced diet and was able to identify progressive activities for each stage of Blooms cognitive domain. Some input on sources of nutrition had been delivered in the previous learning so entry level behaviour was confirmed through an introductory activity. All developmental activities were delivered in short time spans with 20 minutes being the longest. Learning was confirmed after each stage using a range of assessment methods. The latter increased in complexity as the lesson content moved from knowledge to application. The first stage focuses on knowledge and what the learner is able to remember. They can exhibit memory of previously-learned materials by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts and answers. The first assessment activity in the lesson required students to complete gapped hand-outs on a variety of food. For the second stage learners were asked to compare Nutrients and Non nutrients and when the differences had been identified; provide examples of foods for each heading this enabled them to demonstrate understanding of nutritional facts. In order to achieve the level required for Application students were required o use their new knowledge and produce a food pyramid. The task required extrapolation of relevant existing information and reconstruction to provide a visual diagram of balanced dietary needs. The remaining stages of Blooms taxonomy could only be completed in independent study time. The first assignment focused on the process of analysis and was mandatory for students. They were asked to analyse the vitamin and nutritional content of a range of foods that may be relevant to a sports performer. The relationship between different foods in maximising energy was also to be investigated. To encourage synthesis learners were asked to design a food log that can be used to record daily food and fluid intake. To demonstrate skills of evaluation students were required to select t s trom each group and plan a breakfast lunch and dinner. How does theory encourage individual learning? Individual learning was encouraged as the stages of analysis; synthesis and evaluation were given as 3 assignments to be completed independently. Successful completion of all assessment activities and the production of a summary report on vitamins and nutrients contained in a selection of foods (analysis) enabled learners o achieve a pass in the topic. Successful Completion of the remaining two assignments would move them up to merit and then distinction grades. How does theory facilitate group learning? There was some pair work and small group research but as this theory focuses on six stages of sequential progress it may be that group work is only viable in the lower order processes. How does theory embed elements of functional skills? To fulfil all stages of Blooms taxonomy within the chosen unit English, ICT and maths would be embedded. How does theory promote an inclusive learning environment? Students followed stages at the same time during the lesson. No restrictions were placed on types of food that could be researched, allowing student with differing diets and consequently different prior knowledge to be fully included. 654 words) Topic: Sports Drink Research Lesson Plan 7 (please see appendix 2) Theory: Experiential learning The emphasis in this unit is on encouraging learners to utilise the theoretical aspects of energy requirements, meal planning and hydration and then to contextualise these points for a named sports performer. This will include considering factors such s age, gender, training schedules, competition requirements and specific body measurements, in order to devise a realistic plan. The experiential learning cycle gives learners a clear s tructure and facilitates linkage between the theoretical and practical aspects of learning. How does theory potentially impact on learner achievement? Depending upon the situation or environment, the learners may enter the learning cycle at any point and will best learn the new task if they practice all four modes. As the BTEC course content requires theoretical understanding and practical application t was possible to construct a lesson plan using the Honey and Mumford cycle containing four stages of learning: having an experience, reviewing the experience, concluding from the experience and planning the next steps. All students had completed Gardners multiple intelligences questionnaire at the start of the course but as this focused on the VAK learning styles I asked them to complete the short version of the Honey and Mumford questionnaire. Analysis of the questionnaires showed that all four learning styles were covered in the student group, although the majority fell into the activist or pragmatist categories. The lesson content focused on Hydration and the Sports Performer. The objectives of the lesson were to explain the importance of sports drinks during sport and fluid intake needs, make isotonic / hypertonic and hypotonic sports drinks, identify which sporting activities different drinks can be used for and produce a poster on hydration and sports activities. The initial lesson activity was a recap on the previous session which nad tocused on the principles of hydration. A question and answer session established the entry level behaviour and confirmed that students had the underpinning knowledge required or the current lesson. The beginning of the learning cycle content was a practical activity designed to engage the activists at the start of the lesson. They were asked to make 3 types of sports drink and then taste to see if they could tell the difference. A hand out containing recipes and underpinning knowledge for the types of drink was given at this stage so that reflectors had the written input at the same time. This was followed by a discussion on the importance of sports drink and fluid intake needs, supported by the hand-out on the topic. The aim was to engage the reflectors who ike to start with investigation or observation before making any commitment. Data and analysis helps reflectors comprehend the different angles and perspectives so statistical information was provided in the written information. In order to develop the subject and to accommodate theorists, learners were asked Identify which sporting activities different drinks can be used for and then plan sports drinks for 3 different sports. In the fourth stage of the lesson a range of commercial sports drinks were provided and students asked to identify which group the drink belonged too. This required analysis and categorisation of each product enabling the pragmatists to apply their new knowledge in a task orientated way. The final activity was production of a poster on hydration and sports activities. As this would form part of their assignment on hydration and sports performance a draft version was completed during the lesson. This allowed the learners to consolidate their learning in an inclusive environment and with group support. How does theory encourage individual learning? It engages the learner at a more personal level by addressing the needs and wants of the individual. Experiential learning requires qualities such as self-initiative and self- evaluation. Despite having the same learning experience, each individual will construct an individual meaning that is in part related to their learning preferences. How does theory facilitate group learning? Honey and Mumfords learning cycles worked well in the classroom setting as all learning preferences were covered. Different learning styles are effective during group research as it increases the potential for all aspects of the research to be covered. How does theory embed elements of functional skills? Opportunities for personal, learning and thinking skills are embedded in the learning theory and lesson content. Creative thinkers, Reflective learners and Self-managers will develop skills by planning a hydration plan for a selected sports performer for a selected sports activity. (746 words) EVALUATION Feedback From Students (4. 2): l really enjoyed this unit, especially getting the opportunity to make our own isotonic drinks. However, tots of written work meant I found it difficult to absorb all the information. One of the most interesting things was finding out about my learning tyle, now that know I am a kinaesthetic learner it makes a lot more sense why I enjoy the practical sessions so much more. l liked the plan, do, review type working as I found it helped me understand the process better. Evaluation of teaching theories and strategies used (4. 2, 4. 3): The use of Blooms taxonomy of learning for the cognitive domain fits in well with the structure of a BTEC and the multiple grade options. It was difficult to apply the levels within a single lesson but would be suitable for use over an entire unit with a longer period of time for development. The ontent of the sports nutrition unit focuses on students developing a broad knowledge the subject matter and its relationship to sports performance. Several of the units that I delivered at the beginning of the year were more linear in structure and would be a better choice as students focus on developing a particular skill to the highest standard possible. Experiential learning worked well in the lesson and the learners responded in a positive way. By providing direct experience in addition to standard written and visual materials, learners with different types of learning styles nd strengths were accommodated. I would use this learning model in future to ensure that teaching activities give tull value to each stage ot the curriculum. Personal Strengths (4. ): Due to my business background I found using Experiential Learning relatively easy to implement within the framework of the Sports Nutrition unit. By encouraging students to follow the process of the four stages of learning within this model they quickly learnt to analyse their work and this enhanced the amount of learning that took place. I also found that I was able to de liver the practical elements of the unit, uch as making an isotonic drink, in a fun, engaging way, which saw the students engage in some principles of science in such a way I have not seen before. Personal Areas for Improvement (4. ): I was not happy with the way in which I delivered the lesson on Balanced Diet, using Blooms Taxonomy. I found it difficult to grasp when I should use which stage for optimum effect and this lead to me trying to cram them all in. On reflection I need to enhance my understanding of Blooms Taxonomy and consider which lessons to use it in more carefully. APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 Unit 11: Sports nutrition Lesson plan 7 Class: BTEC Performance and Excellence Time available: 2 hours Date: Topic: Sports drinks research Expected entry behaviour: Learners will be able to conduct independent research and produce written guidance notes. Objectives: Learners will be able to: 1 . explain the importance of sports drinks during sport and fluid intake needs 2. make isotonic / hypertonic and hypotonic sports drinks 3. Identify which sporting activities different drinks can be used for 4. Produce a poster on hydration and sports Time Teacher activity Student activity Resources Assessment Introduction 5m Health and safety Recap on previous session activities Objectives of lesson Hand out on hydration ENG MAT Development Ihr 30m Sports drinks research lesson 7 20m Tutor to provide ingredients and equipment. groups of students each type of drink. 20m importance of sports drink and fluid intake needs 20m Identify which sporting activities different drinks can be used for. 20m A range of sports drinks to be provided students to identify which group it belongs too. 40m, Example ot general hydration poster to be shown Make a sports drink. Students try drinks from each group Discussion on types of sport drink Individual work P lan sports drinks for 3 different sports small group research select a drink and analyse content.

Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essays

Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essays Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essay Importance of non-invasive physiological measurings Essay Literature Review The importance of non-invasive physiological measurings such as blood force per unit area, ankle-arm index in foretelling cardio-vascular alterations The ankle-arm index ( AAI ) is a non-invasive technique that is used to test peripheral vascular diseases ( PVD ) . The ankle arm index is defined as A ; lsquo ; comparing the ratio of systolic blood force per unit area in the mortise joint with the systolic blood force per unit area in the arm, which can be calculated by spliting them severally , as stated by Vogt et Al, ( 1993 ) . It is sometimes used over other methods in the clinical industry such as serum lipoid profile which is an invasive technique ; since it is simple and straightforward. In add-on to this the AAI methodological analysis is besides used in penchant to other non-invasive techniques such as Doppler coloring material flow imagination and digital imagination as it is cheap and less drawn-out ( Babbar et al, 2005 ) . Using the AAI as a step to screen PVD has been successful in the past nevertheless, literature provinces that there are many defects and incompatibilities in the pattern of it. These defects range f rom the equipment used to the technician transporting out the measurings. The methodological analysis used in these 10 articles, is inconsistent as there is no individual article which has investigated the exact same capable country. This leads to a different perceptive being viewed in each of their methods, oppugning which technique is the most precise to utilize for mensurating the Ankle-Arm index. The first issue that was raised, consisted of which arm should be used to mensurate the brachial index ; from the literature some surveies used both the left and right arm whereas other surveies merely used one or the other along with the right and left ankle index. Majority of the processs incorporated the usage of the right arm. This may hold lead to the fluctuation shown in Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) , saying that higher systolic blood force per unit area was recorded in the right arm than in the left. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 illustrated that this may hold been due to the fact that bulk of the participants were right handed indicating that there would hold been more musculus on that arm, taking to less compaction of the right arm by the blood force per unit area turnup. This suggests that there could be inaccuracies in the AAI and that a reading of both weaponries should be integrated to extinguish such restrictions and a wider range can be used to foretell cardiovascular disease which was besides considered in Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) and Chang et Al, ( 2006 ) . The ankle index was measured in both legs either together or separately at the posterior tibial arteria and the dorsalis pedis arteria in bulk of the processs. Another facet which could be acknowledged is the technicians that carried out the blood force per unit area measurings. All of the writers followed a criterion protocol nevertheless there still seemed to be incompatibilities in the consequences attained. This may hold occurred due to the degree of experience gained by each single technician, besides taking into consideration how good each individual was taught the technique. The figure of technicians taking the measurings within each survey varied ; some surveies had one person such as Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) while others had several Newman et Al, ( 1999 ) , Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) and Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) . In each survey, as there were incompatibilities in the form of technique used whilst obtaining consequences ; it may hold led to some persons being grouped in the A ; lt ; 0.9 class, where as if accurate measurings were obtained they may hold been grouped otherwise. The duplicability of consequences was good thought-out in most of the surveies. Some surveies felt that it was non necessary to achieve duplicate readings, as in making so there was no difference. Previous literature besides stated that if the measurings were taken within a short clip interval so a individual reading was equal Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) . Whereas others thought that it would be better to reiterate and obtain a mean within a certain clip bound Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) and OHare et Al, ( 2006 ) . Newman et Al, ( 1993b ) paid close attending to this affair and were keen for the technicians ( trainees ) to be to the full trained to supply keen technique. Initially, each trainee had to undergo preparation in sphygmomanometry utilizing an ordinary stethoscope every bit good as preparation in how to utilize an 8MHz Doppler to mensurate the systolic blood force per unit area. The trainees were merely approved after consequences on a repeated footing were within 2 mmHg of each other, every bit good as being examined until all stairss of the protocol were successfully completed. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) back this up as intraobserver variableness which was established within three different testers that were of different degrees of experience. Examiner three lacked experience compared to examiner two who had old ages of experience. This led to holding the highest intraobserver variableness with repeatability coefficients that varied from 0.12 to 0.20 matching with tester three and the lowest intraobserver variableness with repeatability coefficients that varied from 0.05 to 0.07 severally with tester two. From this rating Astma et Al ( 2005 ) found that old literature implies that duplicate AAI measuring can be drastically affected due to lack in pattern. In footings of readings, there are different readings that can be made such as the highest, lowest or mean value for the mortise joint or the arm which can be used in assorted combinations to cipher the AAI. Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) researched the importance of this, that of which determined combinations that were plausible. The survey consisted of 60 non-smoking male participants of Asiatic, Caucasic and afro-Caribbean races. The decision was made that there were four combinations out of nine which were equal ; highest ankle/ highest humeral, highest ankle/ mean humeral, mean ankle/ highest humeral and lowest ankle/average humeral as these showed 95 % acceptableness to the criterion ( mean ankle/ mean humeral ) . This followed by saying that utilizing the same mean values for both mortise joints and humeral was an recognized control every bit good as utilizing one of the combinations of the AAI to clear up the extent of PVD or CHD. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) , used the highest ankle/ highe st arm substitution, this measure was taken as the aim in the survey was to place obstructions in the major arterias of the leg instead than stray parts as in the posterior tibial arteria or the dorsalis pedis arteria. Throughout the literature the blood force per unit area turnups that were used were of assorted sizes runing from 11-14cm as stated by Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) , Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) , Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) and Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) . However, merely a few surveies mentioned the usage of a standard blood force per unit area turnup, Chang et Al, ( 2006 ) and Newman et Al, ( 1999 ) . Although it is merely the distinction of a blood force per unit area cuff it may hold affected the consequences, referred to by Beevers et Al, ( 2001 ) in which they mention that the turnup and vesica size affairs. This was because if the vesica was excessively little compared to the arm so it would hold produced an imprecise amplified step of the blood force per unit area besides known as under whomping and frailty versa if the turnup size was larger than it should be, this would be known as over cuffing. Therefore it can be suggested that utilizing merely one sized turnups for all participants may hold led to inaccuracies of the blood force per unit area measuring and that utilizing different sized turnups for persons of different sized weaponries may better the readings. Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) , used a turnup of a suited size for the right arm for each person. A Doppler stethoscope was used in all the surveies to observe blood flow as a step of the AAI. Most of the surveies used an 8MHz Doppler. Atsma et Al, ( 2005 ) used two different methods to see which technique was most accurate to observe blood flow ; one was the Doppler and another was Dinamap. It was found that the Dinamap continuously produced lower systolic blood force per unit area measurings than the Doppler, it was besides initiated that the Doppler method was more replicable than the Dinamap. Therefore the Doppler technique was approved for the methodological analysis in that survey. Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) , used a bike ergo metre as portion of their exercising to analyze any disparity in the AAI after exercising. The exercising was performed until the voluntary was unable to go on, the bosom rate was so measured utilizing a cardio-sport bosom rate proctor. In order for the bosom rate to achieve a resting degree, the topics were requested to hold a remainder in a supine place. From this they concluded that the AAI was reduced well after exercising compared to before exercising was carried out ; nevertheless it did non go through the 0.9 cut off point. They proposed that this may hold occurred because of the cycling ; blood would hold flown down to the calf muscles doing an addition in the mortise joint blood force per unit area and concurrent to that a decrease in the humeral blood force per unit area. This may hold given an attack to test for forecast of peripheral vascular diseases or coronary bosom disease. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) , besides conducted an experiment where the participants undertook exercising which took topographic point utilizing an electronically braked bike. The survey lasted an norm of 14 old ages in which three thousand five 100s and 30 eight work forces and adult females participated. Men and adult females in this survey performed exercising at different Watts, work forces performed at 50 Wattss and adult females at 40 Watts. This was besides performed until the topic was unable to go on. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) concluded that the mortise joint index was independent. They suggested that the mortise joint index is an indicant of alteration within the arterias and that it could be monitored earlier so that intervention or lifestyle alteration can be pursued earlier than subsequently. Therefore utilizing exercising can be seen to assist name arterial diseases every bit good as cardio vascular diseases. The AAI measuring is used to observe cardiovascular diseases, PVD, coronary artery disease and many other diseases. Precise measurings need to be taken to have an accurate AAI, nevertheless some writers have used somewhat different cut off values compared to others. This has led to ambiguity in different fortunes within literature. Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) decided to utilize 0.8 or 0.9 as the cut off value although there is merely a 0.1 difference it may hold mostly affected the diagnosing of patients. Whereas, Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) , Babbar et Al, ( 2005 ) and Vogt et Al, ( 1993 ) have systematically used 0.9 as the cut off value for claiming the patient may hold cardiovascular diseases. Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) nevertheless states that there is no cut away value to name peripheral arterial disease. This leads to the decision that different diseases will hold different cut off values which still need to be established accurately and exactly. The mortise joint arm index is affected by legion factors such as age, race, diabetes, high blood pressure and other history of wellness jobs. Most of the surveies, investigated smoke, old smoke, race, diabetes mellitus, cholesterin degrees, high blood pressure and age with their topics prior to the experiment to govern out any diagnostic patients or anything that would impact their consequences. Newman et Al, ( 1999 ) , found a strong nexus between a low AAI alongside age and gender as the survey was based on older work forces and adult females. The survey besides found that there was an extended spread of coronary artery disease in the black population than in the white population. Cui et Al, ( 2005 ) , established that age and smoke played a function in persons with a low AAI. Diabetes mellitus besides had an association with low AAI which had a higher prevalence in Whites than in Nipponese as they have a low spread of diabetes within the population. However OHare et Al, ( 2006 ) found that a high AAI was more common with people who had diabetes. Shinozaki et Al, ( 1998 ) discovered a low AAI was affiliated with chiefly high blood force per unit area and smoke and besides high serum triglyceride and diabetes mellitus. The survey discovered the relationship between high blood force per unit area and a low AAI which they concluded was besides apparent in old surveies. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) learnt that an hyperbolic systolic blood force per unit area after exercising could be seen as grounds of alteration in the arterias. Hietanen et Al, ( 2008 ) illustrated that topics with a low fittingness degree had a higher opportunity of deceasing earlier than those that carried out exercising. Subjects that were grouped consequently signified grounds that a 3rd of the topics from the group of low fittingness degree died at an early age during the survey. Diagnostic lameness in adult females showed to hold a lower hazard of deceasing than symptomless adult females, although they found other surveies illustrated that there was a higher decease rate in the presence of lameness which was stated by Vogt et Al, ( 1993 ) . Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) discovered that colored races chiefly black, were notably connected to a low AAI. Newman et Al, ( 1993 ) besides found that high blood pressure and high blood force per unit area was consistent with a low mortise joint arm index in other surveies. Chang et Al, ( 2006 ) , established that the AAI decreased more with factors of high blood pressure, age and diabetes. This indicates that old medical history along with base-line information has a drastic affect on the AAI. Therefore, all these factors need to be incorporated into the concluding result of a research paper, as each facet in some manner or another can do worsening of the AAI which is related to cardiovascular diseases. Decision Looking at past literature, there is still no definite method of mensurating the mortise joint arm index to this day of the month. However, one facet which is common throughout the surveies in this literature reappraisal is that the AAI is used for forecast of peripheral vascular disease, along with other trials to name a patient with it. Cut off points are the boundaries for naming patients with cardiovascular diseases but are somewhat different in each survey ; it is non possible to hold a common cut off point as each survey has a different intent hence every bit long as consistent cut off points are used the consequences could be validated. Calculating the AAI after exercising has besides given an penetration into diagnosing of arterial diseases every bit good as PVD. Obviously it can be seen that the AAI is a dependable technique to mensurate cardiovascular diseases in the hereafter due to its simpleness and cheap nature. Mentions Atsma. F, Bartelink. M. E. L, Grobbee. D. E and van der Schouw. Y. T ( 2005 ) Best duplicability of the ankle-arm index was calculated utilizing Doppler and spliting highest ankle force per unit area by highest arm force per unit area. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58, pp. 1282-1288. Babbar. R, Bussell. C. D, Buckley. G. A and Sivasubramaniam. S. D ( 2005 ) Post-moderate exercising testing and clinical prognostic value of ankle arm index measurings. Journal of Pathophysiology, 13, pp. 15-21. Beevers. G, Lip. G. Y. H and OBrien. E ( 2001 ) Blood force per unit area measuring: Part 1- Sphygmomanometry: factors common to all technique. British Medical Journal, 322, pp. 981-985. Chang. S, Chen. C, Chu. C, Lin. P, Chung. C, Hsu. J, Cheng. H, Yang. T and Hung. K ( 2006 ) Ankle-Arm Index is a Useful Trial for Clinical Practice in Outpatients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation Journal, 70, pp. 686-690. Cui. R, Kitamura. A, Yamagishi. K, Tanigawa. T, Imano. H, Ohira. T, Sato. S, Shimamoto. T and Iso. H ( 2005 ) Ankle-arm blood force per unit area index as a correlative of presymptomatic carotid coronary artery disease in aged Nipponese work forces. Journal of Atherosclerosis, 184, pp. 420-424. Hietanen. H, P A ; auml ; A ; auml ; kk A ; ouml ; nen. R and Salomaa. V ( 2008 ) Ankle blood force per unit area as a forecaster of entire and cardiovascular mortality. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 8 ( 3 ) , pp. 1471-2261. Newman. A. B, Siscovick. D. S, Manolio. T. A, Polak. J, Fried. L. P, Borhani. N. O and Wolfson. S. K ( 1993 ) Ankle-Arm Index as a Marker of Atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation: The Journal of the American Heart Association. 88, pp. 837-845. Newman. A. B, Shemanski. L, Manolio. T. A, Cushman. M, Mittelmark. M, Polak. J. F, Powe. N. R and Siscovick. D ( 1999 ) Ankle-Arm Index as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 19, pp. 538-545. OHare. A. M, Katz. R, Shlipak. M. G, Cushman. M, Newman. A. B ( 2006 ) Mortality and Cardiovascular Risk across the Ankle-Arm Index Spectrum: Consequences from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation: The Journal of the American Heart Association, 113, pp. 388-393. Shinozaki. T, Hasegawa. T and Yano. E ( 1998 ) Ankle-Arm Index as an Indicator of Atherosclerosis: It s Application as a Screening Method. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51 ( 12 ) , pp. 1263-1269. Vogt. M. T, Cauley. J. A, Newman. A. B, Kuller. L. H and Hulley. S. B ( 1993 ) Decreased Ankle/Arm Blood Pressure Index and Mortality in Elderly Women. JAMA, 270 ( 4 ) , pp. 465-469.